Happy Birthday to Ella Fitzgerald 

Adele Fasick2 Comments

More than a hundred years ago—on April 25, 1917–one of America’s greatest jazz musicians was born in Newport News, Virginia. She didn’t linger long in the South, but moved with her mother to Yonkers, N.Y., a suburb of New York City. Although she travelled widely throughout her life, her home base was New York and especially Harlem. 

After her mother remarried and had more children, Ella lived a life of freedom on the streets, especially after her mother died as the result of an auto accident when Ella was fifteen. The famous Amateur Nights at the Appollo Theater in Harlem became a magnet for Ella and she developed an ambition to become a dancer.  

When Ella finally got a chance to compete in the Amateur nights, an accident of scheduling led to her appearance immediately following an excellent dance presentation. Thinking fast, Ella decided to sing instead of dance for her try-out. 

Her performance was a hit with the audience, so in 1934, at the age of 17, she found herself at the start of a long, successful career. 

Building a career as a jazz singer was not easy, especially during the difficult years of the great depression, but Ella was determined and she learned quickly. She was a very private person, but her talent was recognized by many of the greatest jazz performers of her time and she soon found mentors to help her develop her skills and to present herself to audiences. Her energy seemed endless and her life was devoted to music. She was willing to travel and to appear in many venues and she gradually became known not only in America but in Europe. 

Racial prejudice sometimes made life difficult for Ella, but she was able to overcome most of the slights that she encountered. One of her worst experiences occurred during a tour to Australia in 1954. Her baggage and that of her group were removed from their airplane in Hawaii where they were stranded for two days. Ella let none of this hardship deter her. She went on and completed the tour and was a hit.  

The most recent and detailed biography of Fitzgerald is Becoming Ella Fitzgerald: The Jazz Singer Who Transformed American Song by Judith Tick (Norton 2024). Tick tells the fascinating story of how Ella continued her career during the long, difficult postwar years as she developed diabetes and endured several amputations and years of illness. She never gave up singing and appeared as often as she could until she died in 1996. 

Perhaps the best way we could honor Ella today would be by listening to one of her performances. Many are available on disk and videos for today’s audiences.  

Lady Gregory–A Woman Who Loved Language

Adele Fasick1 Comment

The season of book prizes has arrived again. Every spring there seem to be more announcements of prizes for novels and nonfiction books that have been published during the preceeding year. The process of choosing the winners has become familiar. First judges release a “longlist” of books deemed worthy of being candidates; then a few weeks or months later a “short list” is published; the final award is usually announced at a ceremony when the the author of the winning book is announced. The Booker Awards set this pattern and it has been followed by a series of other organizations dedicated to publicizing books deemed the best in some specific category—translated books, children’s books, or those from specific areas—each of them has its own contest.  

Not only do the prizes increase book sales, they can also affect the life and culture of a country and even encourage the use of a minority language that might otherwise fade away. Irish Gaelic is an example of a language which  seemed to be dying away, but has been revived in many parts of the country. And now Ireland has its own book prize that honors books written in either English or Gaelic. 

St. Patrick’s Day seems an appropriate time to honor a woman who played a large part in supporting the development o literature in both languages that have affected the history and culture of Ireland—Lady Augusta Gregory.    

Augusta Perasen, who later became Lady Gregory, wasn born into an Anglo Irish family on March 15, 1852. At that time, Ireland was slowly recovering from the Irish Potato Famine that had ravished the country starting in 1848. Thousands of peasants were thrown off the land they had cultivated, but never owned, when potatoes, their major source of food and income, was struck by a mysterious ailment. Many landlords evicted tenants from their homes when they  could no longer pay their rents, leaving them to seek new work in England, America, and Australia.  

Augusta’s family was prosperous and did not suffer from the famine but they were sympathetic toward the Irish tenants and were interested in their language and culture. They supported land reform and education. Augusta was especially influenced by an Irish nurse who told her many stories and instilled in the child a respect for Irish culture and language. 

At the age of 19, Augusta married a man thirty years her senior and became Lady Gregory. She lived the life of a prosperous aristocrat, travelled to many parts of the world with her husband, and began to write and publish poetry and travel journals. She and her husband had one son. As their son grew up, Augusta began writing stories and memoirs. The family maintained a home in London and met many writers and artists as they travelled back and forth between England and Ireland.  

After the death of her husband in 1892, Augusta moved back to the family estate in Galway, spending less and less time in London. She began to identify more with the Ireland and its culture than with England.  She travelled back and forth between Dublin and Galway and gradually became an important figure in Irish literary circles. William Butler Yeats became a good friend and encouraged her interest in Irish literature. 

In 1899, Lady Gregory helped found the Irish Literary Theater where some of the most important plays of the Irish Renaissance were produced. Her own plays were produced too, but they have faded with time and are no longer as popular as they once were. Lady Gregory is remembered mostly for the great influence she had in encouraging Irish poets, playwrights, and novelists. Her importance is demonstrated every year when the winners of the An Post Irish Book Awards and other book prizes are announced.  

Celebrate prize books by reading! Libraries and bookstores are ready and waiting. 

Best sellers that never appear on the best seller lists

Adele Fasick3 Comments

February is the shortest month on our calendar and this year it somehow slipped away from me entirely. Computer problems caused me to lose several files and some pesky health problems slowed me down. But now March has come. The days are getting longer and I hope my blog will get back on schedule.  

One of the best-kept secrets of most best seller lists is that sometimes the real bestsellers never appear on the lists. While critics choose the bestselling books of the week or the year, readers may be spending their time reading books written centuries ago. The New York Times has a careful set of criteria for its bestseller lists. The details of their criteria are not public, but the Times does not include all the books that appear in a given year. They do not include books published by religious publishers even though these attract large audiences. The Bible, for example, is a perennial best seller that never makes best seller lists. 

Ann Radcliffe

Ann Radcliffe was born on July 9, 1764 in London. She moved to Bath with her family a few years later. She might have attended school in Bath, although there are no records of this. She certainly grew up to be a reader. In 1787, she married William Radcliffe. Her husband was a newspaperman who encouraged his wife to read and to write. The couple had no children and Ann devoted most of her time to those activities and to travelling. Her first book was a series of travel letters.

Radcliffe’s first novel, The Castles of Athlin and Dubnayne was published anonymously in 1789. The following year she wrote another book, A Sicilian Romance. Each book increased her audience and by the time she wrote her third, she began to publish under her own name. 

For her most famous book, The Mysteries of Udolpho, Radcliffe received 500 pounds, while the average author in England at that time received only 10 pounds for a novel. She was soon earning far more than her husband did for his newspaper work, but the difference did not seem to interfere with their relationship. They remained a devoted couple.  

Even though Radcliffe was a successful writer, she did not publish a great many books. While her books continued to be read and discussed by readers and other authors, she herself stopped writing quite early in her career. Her audience, however did not stop reading. 

Radcliffe was the most popular writer in England during the early nineteenth century. She was admired by both Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott. And her influence did not end at England’s shore. Even the great Russian novelist, Dostoyevsky, read and admired her books. 

You might want to try reading a few of Ann Radcliffe’s books too. They are easily available online and in libraries and bookstores. Although they are not on our best seller lists these days, they are a refreshing reminder that we can still enjoy books written long before we became readers. Not all books lose their charm as time goes by. Why not try one of them and find out what Jane Austen read before she started writing books of her own?  

Wild, Wicked and Wonderful—Josephine Baker 

Adele Fasick4 Comments

Josephine Baker’s name is known to many Americans and Europeans, but her life and achievements remain rather confusing. She was a woman who acted as she chose and seldom explained herself. Even. the location of her body is somewhat of a mystery. In November 2021, her coffin was reburied at the Panthéon in Paris, an honor that few women have ever received. Her body, however, remains buried in Monaco where her friend Princess Grace built a mausoleum for her. Much of Baker’s life remains a mystery even to her biographers 

Josephine Baker was born June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, Missouri. She was raised by her mother in a very poor, disorganized family. No one has been able to definitively establish who her father was.   

Josephine Baker

At that time, St. Louis was a very segregated city and many residents were descended from people who had been enslaved for several generations. Josephine’s mother was poor and Josephine began to work while she was still very young. While she was growing up, Josephine worked and lived with several white families for whom she did cleaning. She was often mistreated and sometimes abused. As a child, she saw evidence of the results of the race riots of 1917 during which the homes of many Black families were destroyed. Later she wrote that she had prayed, “Oh God, why couldn’t you have made us all one color?”  

Josephine’s schooling was erratic. For one thing, she frequently changed her residence as she moved from one employer to another, so she missed many classes. She became part of a street entertainment group which moved around the city giving performances wherever they could. When she was 13, she discovered she was pregnant and married her first husband; however, her pregnancy ended in a miscarriage and a hysterectomy. Her husband was chronically unemployed, and he soon disappeared from Josephine’s life.  

As Josephine’s skill as a performer grew, she had more opportunities to perform with vaudeville groups in Midwestern cities and eventually in New York City. The biggest change in her life came in 1925, when she went to Paris with a group of performers. Entertainment was not segregated in France, and the group soon became popular with audiences of both races. It was billed as “La Revue Negre” and Josephine became one of the stars of the show. When Josephine became a star, however, she broke her contract and joined a more prestigious group.   

Josephine quickly adapted to France. She learned to speak French fluently and could hold her own with French speakers, although she remained unable to read or write well in either English or French. Her lack of education never seemed to hold her back.  

The first time she returned to America after the trip to Paris was in 1927. There she discovered that the old rules of segregation were still observed. Even though she had been a star in Europe, she was refused accommodation at many hotels in New York City and had to find lodging in Harlem. She soon returned to France and spent most of the war years there. 

Back in France she married again and became a French citizen and a strong supporter of General de Gaulle. She lived in Morocco for a while and carried messages back and forth for the Free French who supported de Gaulle. No one thought to suspect an entertainer of being a spy.    

After the war, Josephine returned to the United States several times. A Josephine Baker Day was held for her in Harlem on May 20, 1950. She also visited South America and Japan but her life continued to be centered in Europe.  

No matter where Josephine Baker travelled or what she did, Josephine was busy and active. One of the major projects of her later life was to adopt orphans from many countries and raise them together. Her goal was to further the cause of international friendship. Many of the children thrived, but their lives were never calm while they lived with Josephine. She continued all her life to spend money recklessly and to evade paying her bills. Whenever she needed more money, she would arrange to go on a tour. 

Josephine Baker’s busy life finally ended on April 12, 1975 while she was just beginning another European tour. For those of us who never saw Josephine Baker perform, there are several videos about her available online as well as several biographies. One of the most detailed biographies was written by one of the children she had adopted toward the end of her life–Josephine Baker: the Hungry Heart by Jean-Claude Baker and Chris Chase (1993 Random House). It is an excellent introduction to a fascinating woman. 

A Woman Who Kept Dance Alive During Changing Times—Bronislava Nijinska

Adele Fasick1 Comment

Dance performances happen in the present time and then fade away. Musical scores have been written and published for centuries, as have the texts of dramas, but dance has been an elusive art. Before the development of modern photography, there was no way to preserve what dance performances looked like. And some of the people who have contributed most to the art of dance have been almost forgotten, including the younger sister of the great Vaslav Nijinski, Bronislava Nijinska.

Bronislava Nijinska was born in Minsk, Belarus, on January 8, 1891. Raising a family while traveling to so many different locations was difficult and eventually Nijinska’s father left the family. Her mother struggled to raise Nijinska and her brothers, but the children gew up spending much of their time on their own.

Bronislava Nijinska

Eventually each of the children entered the Imperial Theatrical School in Moscow, where they excelled in dancing. Vaslav Nijinsky, quickly became a star and was recognized as a genius when he first started performing. His younger sister was also an excellent performer, but she is remembered more for her work as a choreographer than as a dancer.

Nijinska probably would have followed the pattern that her parents had set, becoming an itinerant dancer in Russia after she graduated from school, but the world changed dramatically after the Russian Revolution and World War I. Nijinska spent much of her life moving from one city to another not only in Europe, but later in South America and the United States. During her long life, Europe was transformed and the world suffered through two world wars, but her allegiance was to her art and not to an individual country.

At first, after graduation from school, Nijinska joined Diaghilev’s ballet troupe which became the Ballet Russes de Monte Carlo. During the 1920s, many Russians fled the Soviet Union and moved to Western Europe. Vaslav Nijinsky and Diaghilev were leading figures in the group, but Nijinsky became ill and was hospitalized with schizophrenia in 1929, the same year that Diaghilev died. This happened during the period that Western Europeans were becoming aware of the power of ballet and interest in the art was spreading especially to Paris and London. 

Nijinska struggled for the rest of her life to set up a dance troupe that would continue the work these men had pioneered. Her devotion to the art of dance was legendary, but her fame never reached that of her brother or the men who controlled the major dance groups of the period. Nonetheless she was able to articulate some of the major beliefs of modern ballet. “Movement is the principal element in dance” she wrote, explaining why she emphasized the way dancers used their bodies rather than the achievement of graceful tableaus.  

Nijinska has never achieved the fame she deserves, but her latest biography will enable readers to discover why she accomplished so much. Lynn Garafola’s. La Nijinska: Choreographer of the Modern. (Oxford 2022) gives a rich, full picture of the life and work of Bronislava Nijinska. It is available now in many libraries and bookstores

Escaping the Year End Blues

Adele Fasick3 Comments

2023 is ending in a blur of bad news. Wars are raging in Israel and Gaza, while the Ukrainian struggle with Russia shows no sign of ending. As we enter the new year, perhaps we should turn to books that show us worlds very different than the one we live in today.

 Here are five books I’ve read this year that took me to different places and other times. I’ve written about most of them in my blog posts. These are not necessarily the best books of the year, but they offer a wide range of viewpoints. All of them are recent books that can be found in many libraries and bookstores in several formats. And any one of them will start you on a new journey to a world free from the troubles of today.

Brave the Wild River: The Untold Story of Two Women Who Mapped the Botany of the Grand Canyonby Melisa Sevigny (2023) After being told by several experienced rivermen that women would not be safe trying to navigate the Colorado River, these two botanists made the trip and proved them wrong.

Daughter of the Dragon: Anna May Wong’s Rendezvous with American Historyby Yunte Huang (2023). A Chinese-American woman from Los Angeles became a sensation in silent films and a star in both Europe and America.

Empress of the Nile: The Daredevil Archeologist Who Saved Egypt’s Ancient Temples from Destructionby Lynne Olson (2022) When the building of the Aswan Dam threatened to destroy Egypt’s treasures, one stubborn woman fought to save them for future generations.

Agatha Christie: An Elusive Woman by Lucy Worsley (2022) Who is the writer who outsells Shakespeare year after year? Agatha Christie, of course. Her life story helps us to understand how she attracts so many readers.

The Benevolent Society of Ill-Mannered Ladies by Allison Goodman (2023) Life during Regency England was difficult for women, but this lively mystery story introduces twin sisters who triumph over cruel husbands and brothers.

HAPPY HOLIDAYS TO ALL!

Seeing the world with different eyes—Helen Keller

Adele Fasick4 Comments

Many people throughout the world recognize the name of Helen Keller. Her story is an inspiring one. A movie about her life won two Academy Awards in 1962 and her biography has been a bestseller for several generations. Many people know that Helen Keller overcame the handicaps of being both blind and deaf, but few readers are aware of what a long and influential life she led.

Helen Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama on June 27, 1880. When she was 19 months old, she lost both hearing and sight after falling ill with a disease that has never been identified. Her family was prosperous—her father was a newspaper editor who had served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Her mother came from an old slaveholding family and was eager to see Helen get an education. When she read in Charles Dickens’ book American Notes about the Perkins Institute for the Blind, she got in touch with them. It was through that school that Helen and her family met Anne Sullivan, a recent graduate of the Institute, who became Helen’s teacher and companion for the rest of her life.

Helen was a diligent and successful student. After learning how to communicate through sign language, she attended several private schools. Although her voice remained somewhat difficult to understand, Helen learned to spell out words by pressing her fingers on Anne’s hand. Anne would respond in the same way. Eventually Helen went to Radcliffe College and became the first deafblind person to earn a college degree. Her success was noted by a number of influential people including Mark Twain who became a friend and supporter.

Helen Keller

After graduating from college, Helen embarked on a lifelong career of giving lectures and writing. She and Anne would appear on stage together so that Helen could spell out her response to questions and Anne would relay them to the audience.

During the years leading up to World War I, Helen was active in opposing America’s entry into the war. She admired the Soviet Union because she believed that socialism could eliminate poverty. Her political commitment to socialism went up and down over the years, but she apparently never completely lost faith in that philosophy.

Helen joined the American Foundation for the Blind during the 1920s and worked to support the goals of that organization for decades. She tried to help the blind community and others whose abilities differed from the majority. She did not believe that blindness or deafness should force people into a life of retirement or solitude. And she was not shy about publicizing her ideas. Her engagement with socialism led to investigations by both the FBI and Senator McCarthy’s Internal Security Committee during the bitter anti-communist post World War II years.

Several biographies of Helen Keller have been written over the years, but a new one by Max Wallace called After the Miracle: The Political Crusades of Helen Keller (Grand Central 2003) offers many surprises even to those who have read some of the earlier books.

Who Are These People? Willa Cather Wanted to Know Them

Adele Fasick2 Comments

We live in a world full of problems—as if climate change and the difficulties it brings weren’t enough to worry about, people continue to manufacture problems of their own. Listening to the speeches of some of our politicians, it would seem that one of the biggest ones for the U.S. is integrating strangers into our country. Donald Trump often rails that “immigrants are poisoning our country” and some of his followers echo those words.

But over the years many of our greatest writers have recognized that almost all Americans can trace their family history to other countries. Immigration is what has built the society that we know today. Willa Cather, one of our most important authors, wrote many of her books about people who had left their homes and chosen to settle in America. Cather herself moved from one part of the country to another and was interested in how the moving and resettling affected her and her neighbors.

Willa Cather was born in Virginia in 1873 although as she grew older, she sometimes did not acknowledge her correct age and claimed to be a year or two younger than she was. She moved with her family to Nebraska when she was nine years old. The family first settled in a rural area where their neighbors were mostly immigrants from Northern Europe, but they soon moved to the city of Red Cloud, Nebraska.

Cather thrived in school where she learned quickly and enjoyed her classes. She quickly discovered that writing was what she did best. While she was still a student, several of her articles were published in local papers. After attending the University of Nebraska, she moved to Pittsburgh to work as a journalist and teacher, but as her writing success grew, she realized that New York City was the place to be. She moved there in 1906 and for the rest of her life that city was her home base.

One of Cather’s greatest strengths was her ability to see life from different points of view.  A.S. Byatt, the British novelist who died earlier this year, once wrote that Cather “reinvented the novel with every book she wrote”. Cather’s best-known novel, the one that often appears on high school reading lists today, is My Antonia, whose title character is part of a family that came to America from Bohemia. These immigrants from Northern Europe were similar to the people Cather knew when she was growing up in Red Cloud. The characters and the hardships they endured give a vivid picture of life among some of the immigrants who settled the northern plains where Cather’s family lived.

Unlike some regional writers who continue to focus on a particular group throughout their careers, Cather had a much wider vision. She was a traveler as well as a writer, and when she travelled, she immersed herself in the lives of the people she met and the history of the places she visited. After visiting the Southwest In 1927, she wrote Death Comes for the Archbishop a novel exploring the life of a priest who settled in New Mexico.

In a somewhat less known work, Cather wrote Shadows on the Rock about the French people who had settled in Quebec. Although Cather did not write directly about immigration as an issue, the people in her books were examples of groups who had moved to America and built new lives there. Some of her books may seem old-fashioned now, but they give vivid accounts of the various people who integrated their cultures into American life. At this time, when we are seeing a new wave of immigrants entering the country, looking back at some of Cather’s work gives a reassuring picture of how different people from many parts of the world have become part of western life.

Many good biographies of Willa Cather have been published. One of the most recent is Chasing Bright Medusa: A Biography of Willa Cather by Benjamin Taylor (2023 Random House).

Nurse, Comforter, and Businesswoman—Mary Seacole

Adele Fasick2 Comments

Today we are accustomed to wars that enter our living rooms and pervade our lives. We can turn on the TV or gaze at our phones to see scenes of destruction and fighting around the world. A century ago, the Crimean War of the 1850s was the first war that had a day-to-day impact not only on those who participated but also on the society that supported them. For the first time journalists could send rapid dispatches to the people back home who wondered what was going on. And for the first time, scientific advances that had been made in peacetime could be applied on the battlefields of war. It was also one of the first wars in which women leaders played an important role as nurses and organizers in the care of the men who did the fighting. One of those leaders was Mary Seacole.

Mary Seacole was born in Jamaica in 1805 in the prosperous and attractive city of Kingston, the base of British operations in the West Indies. British troops stationed in Jamaica controlled the island while most Jamaicans of African descent were slaves. But there was a great deal of mingling and intermarriage. Mary’s mother was apparently of mixed-blood and was free, as were many children whose fathers were white. Mary herself writes in her autobiography “I am a Creole and have good Scotch blood coursing in my veins. My father was a soldier, of an old Scotch family.”

Over the years, the Jamaicans had learned how to cope with some of the difficulties of living in a tropical climate. Many of the women became nurses or “doctoresses”. They had skills that the military doctors had never mastered in Europe and were able to offer remedies that were unknown and highly valued.

Mary Seacole was a healer and a traveler. She grew up in Jamaica where she was trained by her mother, and she also spent time in Panama where she learned how to treat people suffering from cholera as well as other dangerous diseases that became epidemics there. But Mary Seacole was a traveler as well as a healer. After learning and practicing her medical skills in Jamaica and Panama, she decided to go to England, the “mother country” of the Caribbean. She was not the only person from the British colonies to decide to do this and, so there was a large presence of people from the colonies in London. After working in with Army men for years, Mary knew many of the officers who were glad to welcome another person from the colonies.

When the Crimean War started in 1853, pitting Russia against most of the other European countries, Mary Seacole wanted to get involved. She heard that Florence Nightingale was trying to set up a corps of nurses, she thought she could help. She wanted to set up an inn where she could offer food and drinks to support herself and also offer healing for those who needed it.

Unfortunately, when Seacole tried to offer her help to Florence Nightingale, she was rebuffed. Nightingale, who came from an aristocratic family and had never needed money, was appalled by the idea of serving alcohol to soldiers and also the idea of making money. Nightingale never accepted Seacole as a healer worthy of working with her nurses.

We’ll never know how much of Nightingale’s attitude was due to a knowledge of Seacole’s history of medical care. Perhaps she was influenced by her feeling that a native Jamaican woman without any formal medical training could not possibly be as effective as her carefully trained white nurses. What we do know is that Nightingale won the battle and her name went down in history as the greatest nurse of the 19th century.

After being rejected by Nightingale, Mary Seacole still had to earn a living so that she could provide medical care. She continued to operate an inn where she offered drinks and food to officers as well as medical care to soldiers. Her medical facility soon became well known and popular with soldiers of all ranks.

After the Crimean War ended, Seacole returned to London, but she found it difficult to make a living there. Eventually she returned to Jamaica where she was treated as a hero by many of the soldiers she had known over the years. She wrote an autobiography, The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands”.  Unfortunately, she left out many facts about her life.

A new biography of Mary Seacole has now been published which offers more detailed information about her life. Helen Rappaport’s In Search of Mary Seacole: The Making of a Black Cultural Icon and Humanitarian. (Pegasus 2022) gives more details about Mary’s life and family. Finally this heroic woman seems to be getting the honors that she deserves.

The Mystery of the Neverending Stories—Nancy Drew

Adele Fasick1 Comment

A mention of Nancy Drew brings a smile of recognition from many women who grew up in America during the twentieth century and well into the twenty-first. The adventures of Nancy and her two companions, Bess and George, have been reprinted and made available to generations of preteen girls. Why do they linger on in so many women’s memories generation after generation?

Nancy Drew was not a character who was formed spontaneously in the mind of some gifted writer. She was a character developed deliberately by a man whose major talent was interpreting sales trends rather than in artful writing. Edward Stratemeyer started his career writing for magazines, which were a popular format and popular with children during the early 1900s. Stratmeyer took advantage of their popularity by turning many magazine stories into short books that could be sold very cheaply.

To produce as many books as he could for his readers, Stratemeyer devised a system. He would write an outline of a book and send it to one of a group of writers. The individual writer would fill out the story, elaborating Stratemeyer’s ideas. When the manuscript was returned, Stratemeyer would give it a final edit and find a publisher for the book. The author would sign away all rights so that his name would never appear on the cover and all of the royalties would go to the Stratemeyer syndicate. The system worked well and Stratemeyer became a wealthy man. Unfortunately, he died young, leaving his wife and two daughters to carry on without him.

Stratemeyer’s older daughter, Harriet Adams, took over managing the Nancy Drew series as well as other books. She prepared outlines for the stories and hired writers to produce the final product. Over the years, she formed a strong working relationship with the writer Mildred Wirt Benson, who wrote many of the Drew books. Although the two women worked together amicably on many of their projects, a deep rivalry developed over which of them had the major responsibility and should get the major credit for writing the series. They both had long lives and well into their 80s were still determined to get credit. They never agreed on a proper sharing arrangement.

The story of Harriet Adams and Mildred Wirt Benson is told in Melanie Rehak’s book–Nancy Drew Girl Sleuth and the Women Who Created Her (Harcourt Brace 2005). Rehak details the fascinating stories of many of the changes which had to be made over the years.

The first Nancy Drew story appeared in 1930 when Nancy was shown as a 16-year-old girl who drove around the countryside in her roadster and managed the household for her widowed father, Carson Drew. It wasn’t long before the legal driving was raised and Nancy became 18 years old. Other events in the real world affected the way Nancy appears in the books too. Although the books continued to appear during the Second World War, the authors tried hard to downplay the war and make life on the home front seem normal.

By the time Nancy books were appearing in the late 1950s, there were many changes that had to be made, so a major rewriting was in order. The authors removed references to racial differences, although they never fully integrated minority groups into the books. The books were also shortened and the language simplified over the years. One of the biggest changes was that Nancy began to be allowed to show some interest in Ned Nickerson, her faithful boyfriend, but it soon became clear that readers did not want Nancy to seriously contemplate marriage.

Over the years, series books for boys have lost most of their audience, but Nancy still carries on. There have been attempts to tell her story in other formats. She has appeared in 6 films, 3 television series, and 33 video games, but none of these have reached the level of popularity that her books have.

Perhaps Nancy Drew books will survive to reach their 100th year in 2030. Will there still be readers interested in the mysteries? And what will Nancy look like then?